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Basic Elements of Screw Thread Design
Screw threads
are the most critical design features of bolts, screws and
nuts. These remarkably complex machine elements give assembled
fasteners the ability to support and transfer forces of
tremendous magnitude. Some basic study of thread construction
and thread characteristics can provide design engineers with
the needed understanding of thread function and, more
importantly, thread performance capabilities. Increased
understanding can aid in fastener selection and application.
Fastener
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Why use coatings and platings?
Usually coatings
and platings are less expensive than going to an upgrade of
material like stainless steel from a basic carbon steel.
Coatings or platings may help to improve appearance, control
torque tension, minimize thread seizure, and may serve as
product identifiers in addition to simply providing corrosion
protection.
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Selecting Fastener Materials
Selection of the
right fastener material from the scores of ferrous and
nonferrous metal alloys and many plastic materials used to
make fasteners may appear an awesome task, but in practice, it
is not.
Any engineer
with a reasonable knowledge of basic properties, capabilities
and limitations shouldn't find the task of matching service
conditions and materials too difficult.
For example, if
the fastener's main function is to provide strength, think of
steel. If the service environment is corrosion inducing, the
engineer's first thought might be steel with a protective
coating.
If the corrosive environment is particularly severe,
stainless steel or one of the non-ferrous alloys should be
considered. If magnetic permeability is important, consider
austenitic stainless steel, an aluminum or copper alloy or a
plastic material. If high electrical conductivity is needed
turn to aluminum or copper.
If electrical resistivity is the
prime consideration, then give thought to a non-metallic. For
weight saving, aluminum is a first answer. For weight saving
coupled with with high strength, consider titanium. For high
and low temperature service, turn to the stainless steels and
super alloys.
Fastener
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Special Bolts: |
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Special Bolts are defined as headed fasteners having external threads that meet an exacting, uniform bolt thread specification (such as M, MJ, UN, UNR, and UNJ) such that they can accept a nontapered nut. Purchasing bolts can be accomplished through a distributor of bolts. OEM's (Original Equipment Manufacturers) and end users of bolts can contact a distributor directly. Designers, engineers, and fastener purchasers will find valuable technical information throughout this web site to assist in their daily activities in design, application, selection, and purchasing.
Professional groups who have an interest in the
advancement of fastener technology and the fastener
industry include ANSI, SAE, ASME, ASTM, ISO, and
NFDA.
To compete
successfully on an international scale, the fastener
industry is moving its focus to increased service
and to the development of highly engineered,
technologically advanced fasteners and fastening
systems. North American fastener manufacturers are
also continuing to seek ways to offer an ever
increasing array of value-added services and
capabilities, including JIT (just in time) delivery
and specialized design/engineering services. |
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Fastener Types or
Families: |
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Common fastener types
or families carried by distributors are often
classified as: Inch Series Bolts, Metric Bolts, Inch
Series Screws, Metric Screws, Inch Series Socket
Screws, Metric Series Socket Screws, Inch Series
Studs, Metric Studs, Inch Series Locking Screws,
Metric Locking Screws, Inch Series Nuts, Metric
Nuts, Inch Series Prevailing Torque Nuts, Metric
Prevailing Torque Nuts, Inch Series Structural
Rivets, Inch Series Washers, Metric Washers, Inch
Series Pins, Metric Pins, and Inch Series Inserts. |
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Fastener Quality: |
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If your business deals with standard and
nonstandard fasteners, mechanical fasteners,
or fastening systems, judging the quality of
standard and nonstandard fasteners is important. Fastener standards
are developed by
ASTM,
ASME,
SAE
and
IFI.
These organizations can provide you with the best available guidance
in fastener selection for manufacturers and
assemblers in all industry segments.
For those in distribution, they offer you a
critical reference when evaluating fastener
selection for applications, engineering questions,
researching screw thread issues, material
selection, platings and coatings, corrosion,
heat-treating, inspection, and quality assurance.
If your business
includes dealing with mechanical fasteners, or
fastening systems, the Industrial Fasteners
Institute’s (IFI) all new
Inch Fastener Standards, 7th Edition is an
indispensable tool. This easy-to-use system is a
compilation of the fastener standards developed by
ASTM, ASME, SAE and IFI, and its more than 1200
pages are a major advancement providing all new and
updated standards inclusive. It facilitates and
makes the review of standards easy for products of
concern to you, and provides the best available
guidance in fastener selection for manufacturers and
assemblers in all industry segments.
This book provides a critical reference when
evaluating fastener selection for applications,
engineering questions, researching screw thread
issues, material selection, platings and coatings,
corrosion, heat-treating, inspection, and quality
assurance. The extensive section on Engineering and
Technical Data includes a comprehensive fastener
glossary; details on sizing clearance holes for
bolts, screws and studs; hydrogen embrittlement risk
management; tables of weights; guidance on the
design of bolted joints; and guidance on the design
of special formed parts. This book is highly
recommended.
This book is
available from the
Industrial Fasteners Institute
1717 East Ninth Street, Suite 1105 - Cleveland, Ohio
44114-2879, Ph: (216) 241-1482 - Fax: (216)
241-5901.
Click here to order this book. |
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For questions about Fastener Quality and
fasteners in general, call
K-J Fasteners TOLL FREE at 1-888-834-LION (5466).
If you have questions about fastener quality or
are interested in purchasing fasteners or fastener
services, you can also send an email to
jwoltman@kjfasteners.com. For more information
on fasteners, you can also visit
www.kjfasteners.com. |
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Featured Fastener Industry
Links: |
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Fastener Industry Overview
U.S. OEMs use more than $6.3 billion of industrial fasteners
annually. The primary users are the automotive,
aerospace/defense, electronics, and commercial industries. The
state of the fastener industry closely follows the U.S.
economy in general, and the respective niches specifically.
The trend in the industry is expected to be strong - growing
about 3.7% annually - reaching over $9.1 billion in 2007.
Fastener Sources:
Domestic manufacturers supply 66% of the fasteners used in the
U.S. Taiwan is the dominant overseas source, supplying more
than half of the imported fasteners. Canada, Japan, China, and
Korea are other major sources.
Fastener Classifications:
Industrial fasteners are generally classified as standards,
specials, or proprietary designs. Standard fasteners are
typically cold-headed threaded parts like nuts, bolts, and
screws, as well as stamped washers, rivets, machined pins,
spacers, and standoffs. Most of the standard specifications
are pulled together in the commercial fastener "bible", the
IFI, published in two volumes by the Industrial Fastener
Institute. Although domestic manufacturers are tooled to
produce these parts, most standard fasteners used in the U.S.
are manufactured in high volumes overseas because of lower
costs.
Special fasteners are often
based on standard designs, but may incorporate non-standard
tolerances, pitch and diameter combinations, drives, lengths,
etc. They may be formed from unusual alloys or require
separate secondary operations such as drilling or punching.
Specials are supplied by both domestic and overseas
manufacturers.
Proprietary designs include nuts, bolts, screws, and other
standard-type fasteners that incorporate patented designs for
threads, drive types, head types, locking devices, points,
etc. Metal and plastic clips, inserts, caps, clamps, plugs,
are also considered proprietary. Some of these designs are
licensed to several manufacturers, both here and overseas.
However, most are closely held by the originating manufacturer
until the patent expires.
Certain markets have developed their own specific standards as
well. For example, the Defense Department utilizes MS
(Military Standard), and AN (Air Force - Navy Aeronautical
Standard) specifications, administered by the U.S. Government.
The commercial aerospace industry uses the industry-controlled
NAS (National Aeronautical Standard).
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For
More
Information on Fasteners: |
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Contact K-J
Fasteners, Inc., 1572 East 365th Street, Eastlake, OH
44095, ph. 440-951-5095, TOLL FREE: 1-888-834-LION (5466), fax
440-951-9269,
jwoltman@kjfasteners.com, visit
www.kjfasteners.com. |
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K-J Fasteners
Call Toll Free
1-888-834-LION
Visit website >>>
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Blueprint
Reading Basics, Manufacturing Print Reading, Third Edition
Order
The Book
Online >>>
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Cold Forming
Cold forming
is a high-speed, high volume production process, with
economical production rates determined by the part size,
design complexity, and degree of forming required-all
factors that determine the number of blows required to form
the part and thus the complexity of the tooling and
equipment needed.
Provider >>>
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Industrial
Fastener
Institute
Founded in 1931, the IFI is the trade association of the
leading North American manufacturers of bolts, nuts, screws,
rivets, and all types of special formed parts.
Visit website >>>
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Kits &
Assemblies
Many OEM's and End Users of fasteners choose to have their
fastener distributor take care of certain services.
These services include bagging and packaging of fasteners, the
assembly of multiple components, the designing and engineering
of their sub-assembly needs and large sophisticated
fabrications.
Service
Provider >>>
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MECH 2D/3D Software
This advanced parametric AutoCAD library of 2D and 3D standard
parts such as fasteners, steel shapes, and holes. The program
will create thousands of components accurately using ANSI,
ISO, DIN, BSI, AS, or JIS standards.
Order It >>>
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