Special Bolts

Fasteners

Stainless Steel:

With the addition of 12% chromium to iron, stainless steel is formed. The chromium protects the iron against most corrosion or red-colored rust; thus the term “stainless” steel.

The ability of stainless to form a thin layer of protection on its outside surface, called a “passive film”, is its most important characteristic in preventing corrosion.

The overriding purpose of stainless steel is to provide corrosion resistance against: (a) atmospheric conditions such as carbon dioxide, moisture, electrical fields, sulfur, salt, and chloride compounds; (b) natural and artificially produced chemical, (c) extremes of weather where cold temperatures cause brittleness and hot temperatures reduce strength and increase corrosion.

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Induction Hardened:

A heat-treated fastener that has undergone a selective hardening process, using induction coils, to further strengthen a part of the fastener.

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Fasteners

Length of Engagement:

The length of full-sized fastener threads that engage in the nut material. The length of the lead thread is not counted in the length of engagement, since its reduced size minimizes any performance benefits. The length of engagement is usually expressed in relationship to the nominal diameter of the screw (e.g. 2 to 2-1/2 diameters of engagement).

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American National Standards Institute:

The The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has served in its capacity as administrator and coordinator of the United States private sector voluntary standardization system for more than 80 years. Founded in 1918 by five engineering societies and three government agencies, the Institute remains a private, nonprofit membership organization supported by a diverse constituency of private and public sector organizations.

Throughout its history, the ANSI Federation has maintained as its primary goal the enhancement of global competitiveness of U.S. business and the American quality of life by promoting and facilitating voluntary consensus standards and conformity assessment systems and promoting their integrity. The Institute represents the interests of its nearly 1,000 company, organization, government agency, institutional and international members through its office in New York City, and its headquarters in Washington, D.C.

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	Fastener Products
	A wide range of non-standard fasteners (nonstandard fasteners) and standard fasteners products are available to fastener purchasers and buyers. Fastener products are provided to OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturers) by fastener distributors and manufacturers. End users of fasteners can choose from hundreds of fastener distributors. Common fastener types or families carried by distributors are often classified as: Inch Series Bolts, Metric Bolts, Inch Series Screws, Metric Screws, Inch Series Socket Screws, Metric Series Socket Screws, Inch Series Studs, Metric Studs, Inch Series Locking Screws, Metric Locking Screws, Inch Series Nuts, Metric Nuts, Inch Series Prevailing Torque Nuts, Metric Prevailing Torque Nuts, Inch Series Structural Rivets, Inch Series Washers, Metric Washers, Inch Series Pins, Metric Pins, and Inch Series Inserts. However, levels of quality and customer service vary from distributor to distributor. Fastener buyers strive to find full service distributors that offer in house machining capabilities, excellent customer service, a documented inspection program, cost savings, JIT (just in time) programs and full line distributors that offer a wide range of industrial components. Companies that specialize in fastener distribution are numerous. There is a wide range of fastener products and services available to fastener buyers and purchasers. These include:
	special fasteners nonstandard fasteners nonferrous fasteners screw machine parts cold headed fasteners hot forged fasteners bent bolts special pins special socket head products special washers spacers, shims wheel bolts injection molded fasteners large diameter fasteners non standard metric fasteners socket shoulder screws hard to find fasteners fitted body bolts ground body bolts special threaded studs threaded inserts assembled components subassemblies square head set screws left hand fasteners machined from bar fasteners special dowel pins special bolts, eyebolts sintered metal products nonferrous bolts nonstandard bolts anchor bolts fully threaded studs double end studs light fabrication mechanical assemblies plastic injection molding secondary machining steels shims cnc machining cold heading hot forging wire forming sintered metal parts special washers special nuts fitted bolts studs wheel studs dowel pins plastic fasteners assemblies hardware bagging kits metric fasteners large diameter fasteners bent bolts square head set screws socket set screws eyebolts, double end studs t-bolts, spacers pins u-bolts threaded inserts stainless bolts brass bolts hex head bolts socket head bolts left hand threaded bolts stainless hex nuts brass hex nuts structural bolts structural hex nuts metric hex nuts wheels studs cold formed fasteners full threaded studs threaded rod steel threaded stainless rod shoulder bolts self locking nuts heavy hex nuts cold headed specials 12 point head bolts titanium bolts titanium nuts drilled hex head nuts drilled socket head cap screws hex jam nuts slotted nuts nylon insert lock nuts locknuts, machined fasteners high temperature bolts forged bolts large diameter hex nuts special nuts aluminum extrusions

	Fastener Standards and Specifications: ANSI/ASME
	The following standards were developed by technical committees functioning under the procedures of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). All of the documents listed below have been submitted to the American National Standards Institute and have successfully met the necessary criteria for adoption as American National Standards. Prior to 1982 these standards were designated "ANSI". Since that time they have been designated "ANSI/ASME". Copies of the documents listed below are available from either ASME or ANSI. American Society of Mechanical Engineers 345 E. 47th Street New York, NY 10017 American National Standards Institute 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036
	Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form) Gages and Gaging for Unified Screw Threads Screw Thread Gaging Systems for Dimensional Acceptability Inch and Metric Screw Threads (UN, UNR, UNJ, M and MJ) Nomenclature, Definitions, and Letter Symbols for Screw Threads Class 5 Interference-Fit Screw Threads Metric Screw Threads-M Profile Gages and Gaging for Metric M Screw Threads Metric Screw Threads-MJ Profile Gages and Gaging for Metric MJ Screw Threads Large Rivets (1/2 Inch Nominal Diameter and Larger) Square and Hex Bolts and Screws, Inch Series Square and Hex Nuts, Inch Series Metric Hex Cap Screws Metric Formed Hex Screws Metric Heavy Hex Screws Metric Hex Flange Screws Metric Hex Bolts Metric Heavy Hex Bolts Metric Heavy Hex Structural Bolts Metric Hex Lag Screws Metric Heavy Hex Flange Screws Metric Hex Nuts, Style 1 Metric Hex Nuts, Style 2 Metric Slotted Hex Nuts Metric Hex Flange Nuts Metric Hex Jam Nuts Metric Heavy Hex Nuts Socket Cap, Shoulder and Set Screws, Inch Series Metric Series Hexagon Keys and Bits Metric Series Hexagon Socket Shoulder Screws Metric Series Hexagon Socket Button Head Cap Screws Metric Series Hexagon Socket Flat Countersunk Head Cap Screws Metric Series Hexagon Socket Set Screws Round Head Bolts, Inch Series Metric Round Head Short Square Neck Bolts Metric Round Head Square Neck Bolts Round Head Square Neck Bolts with Large Head (Metric Series) Slotted Head Cap Screws, Square Head Set Screws, and Slotted Headless Set Screws, Inch Series Clevis Pins and Cotter Pins, Inch Series Taper Pins, Dowel Pins, Straight Pins, Grooved Pins and Slotted Pins, Inch Series Metric Dowel Pins, Hardened and Ground Plow Bolts, Inch Series Track Bolts and Nuts Glossary of Terms for Mechanical Fasteners Forged Eyebolts Mechanical and Performance Requirements for Prevailing Torque Type Steel Metric Hex Nuts and Hex Flange Nuts Torque-Tension Test Requirements for Prevailing-Torque Type Steel Metric Hex Nuts and Hex Flange Nuts Dimensional Requirements for Prevailing torque Type Steel Metric Hex Nuts and Hex Flange Nuts Wing Nuts, Thumb Screws, and Wing Screws, Inch Series Inspection and Quality Assurance for General Purpose Metric Fasteners Inspection and Quality Assurance for Metric Fasteners for High Volume Machine Assembly Inspection and Quality Assurance for Special Purpose Metric Fasteners Inspection and Quality Assurance of Metric Fasteners for Highly Specialized Engineered Applications Lock Washers, Inch Series Plain Washers, Inch Series Metric Plain Washers Beveled Washers, Inch Series

	Fastener Standards and Specifications: ASTM
	The following standards and specifications were developed by technical committees working within the operating procedures of ASTM (formerly American Society for Testing and Materials). The documents listed below are available from: ASTM 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Boiler Rivet Steel and Rivets Structural Steel for Ships Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware Electrodeposited Coatings of Cadmium of Steel Low Carbon Untreated and Heat-Treated Carbon Steel Track Bolts and Carbon Steel Nuts Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High Pressure and High Temperature Service Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure and High Temperature Service Carbon Steel Externally Threaded Standard Fasteners Alloy Steel Bolting Materials for Low Temperature Service High Strength Bolts for Structural Joints High Strength Bolts for Structural Joints (Metric) Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners Zinc Coated Steel Transmission Tower Bolts Zinc Coated Steel Transmission Tower Bolts (Metric) (Pending) Quenched and Tempered Steel Bolts and Studs Heat-Treated Steel Bolts, 150 ksi Tensile Strength High Strength Steel Bolts, Classes 10.9 and 10.9.3, for Structural Steel Joints (Metric) Steel Structural Rivets Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts Alloy Steel Socket Head Cap Screws Alloy Steel Socket Head Cap Screws (Metric) Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on Iron and Steel Coatings of Zinc Mechanically Deposited on Iron and Steel Hardened Steel Washers Hardened Steel Washers (Metric) Nonferrous Nuts for General Use Nonferrous Nuts for General Use (Metric) Nonferrous Bolts, Hex Cap Screws, and Studs for General Use Nonferrous Bolts, Hex Cap Screws, and Studs for General Use (Metric) Carbon and Alloy Steel Externally Threaded Metric Fasteners Stainless Steel Bolts, Hex Cap Screws, and Studs Stainless Steel Nuts Method for Conducting Tests to Determine the Mechanical Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners, Washers and Rivets Stainless Steel Metric Bolts, Screws and Studs Alloy Steel Socket-Button and Flat Countersunk Head Cap Screws, Inch Alloy Steel Socket-Button and Flat Countersunk Head Cap Screws, Metric Stainless Steel Nuts, Inch Stainless Steel Metric Nuts Stainless Steel Socket Head Cap Screws, Inch Stainless Steel Metric Socket Head Cap Screws Steel Plain Flat Unhardened Washers for General Use Stainless Steel Socket Button and Flat Countersunk Head Cap Screws, Inch Stainless Steel Socket Button and Flat Countersunk Head Cap Screws, Metric Stainless Steel Socket Set Screws, Inch Stainless Steel Socket Set Screws, Metric Alloy Steel Socket Set Screws, Inch Alloy Steel Socket Set Screws, Metric Compressible Washer Type Direct Tension Indicators

	Fastener Standards and Specifications: SAE
	The following standards were developed by technical committees operating under the procedures of the Society of Automotive Engineers. Copies are available from: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096 1-877-606-7323 Hardness Tests and Hardness Number Conversions Mechanical and Material Requirements for Externally Threaded Fasteners Mechanical and Material Requirements for Steel Nuts

	Fastener Standards and Specifications: IFI
	The following standards were developed through the procedures of the Industrial Fasteners Institute. Copies are available from: Industrial Fasteners Institute 1717 East Ninth Street, Suite 1105 Cleveland, Ohio 44114 Ph: (216) 241-1482 Fax: (216) 241-5901 Prevailing-Torque Type Steel Hexagon Locknuts Torque-Tension Requirements for Prevailing Torque Type Steel Hexagon Locknuts Prevailing-Torque Type Steel Hex Flange Locknuts Hex Flange Screws Flange 12-Point Screws Test Procedure for the Locking Ability Performance of Non-Metallic Locking Element Type Prevailing-Torque Lock Screws, Inch Series Test Procedure for the Locking Ability Performance of Chemical Coated Lock Screws, Inch Series Metric Spring Pins, Coiled Metric Spring Pins, Slotted Test Procedure for Locking Ability Performance of Metric Non-Metallic Locking Element Type Prevailing Torque Lock Screws Test Procedure for the Locking Ability Performance of Metric Chemical Coated Lock Screws Metric Double End Studs, Continuous Thread Studs and Bent Bolts Metric Beveled Washers Metric Hex Transmission Tower Bolts Metric Hardened Steel Washers

	Fastener Standards and Specifications: ISO The following standards were developed by technical committees functioning under the operating procedures of the International Organization for Standardization. Copies are available from: American National Standards Institute 25 West 43rd Street, (between 5th and 6th Avenues), 4 floor New York, NY 10036 Tel: 1.212.642.4900 Fax: 1.212.398.0023 Mechanical Properties of Fasteners-Part 1: Bolts, Screws and Studs Mechanical Properties of Fasteners-Part 2: Nuts with Specified Proof Load Values Electroplated Coatings on Threaded Components

	Many companies in the United States offer some of these products and services. Our recommended distributor is K-J Fasteners, Inc. in Cleveland, Ohio. Contact K-J Fasteners, Inc., 1572 East 365th Street, Eastlake, OH 44095, ph. 440-951-5095, TOLL FREE: 1-888-834-LION (5466), fax 440-951-9269, jwoltman@kjfasteners.com, visit www.kjfasteners.com.

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The University of Maryland Department of Engineering

The mission of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Maryland is to provide a quality education, to conduct strong research programs, to foster a close partnership with industry and government, and to provide related service to the campus community and the community at large. The mission shall be guided by a commitment to continuous improvement in the overall quality of teaching, research and service.

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Inspection and Quality Assurance for Special Purpose Fasteners

This standard outlines a quality assurance plan for internally and externally threaded fasteners and accessories or associated parts. provisions are included for sampling plans, inspection frequencies, control procedures, and record keeping. included in this plan are fasteners such as those where a more detailed inspection would enhance mass assembly operation. the quality assurance plan for these fasteners relies primarily on increased final inspection rather than on documented in process control. this standard will be used in conjunction with other accepted standards for product testing, gauging, and material and, therefore, those provisions as well as packaging are not included herein.

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Hot Forging

Heating metal to red-hot temperatures or temperatures above the recrystallization point to soften it before shaping a fastener. Hot forging is primarily used when the diameter of the metal is to large for cold forming or the quantity required is to small to economically set up a cold-forming machine.

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Kits &
Assemblies

Many OEM's and End Users of fasteners choose to have their fastener distributor take care of certain services. These services include bagging and packaging of fasteners, the assembly of multiple components, the designing and engineering of their sub-assembly needs and large sophisticated fabrications.

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